This , even if true , by no means disposes of the question .sx The various methods of causing the African to work are not , of course , all put into force at the same moment .sx They are applied in various proportions , according to local needs .sx First and foremost , the Native population is deprived of its land .sx A portion is restored to it in the form of " Reserves " or " Locations , " but in too small a quantity to maintain the population , so that a larger or smaller number of Natives are compelled to go out to work for Europeans .sx The power and influence of Government officials , acting sometimes through chiefs who are paid by the Government and are therefore under its thumb , are frequently used to apply pressure in the same direction euphemistically described as " encouragement , " " inducement , " or " advice .sx " The African is subjected to direct taxation , for which he cannot procure the necessary cash without wage-labour .sx The balance is weighted against Native producers in such matters as railway rates , customs duties , or State subsidies ( preference being given in these respects to the settlers' production ) , and in the use of State agricultural and veterinary services .sx Breach of a labour contract is made a criminal offence .sx The offender is tracked down by the police , the process being facilitated by the obligation to carry identification papers , with a labour record made by the employer .sx Indirect Compulsion to Work .sx It is constantly contended that the East African settlers have no desire whatever to use this kind of method as a means of securing the labour that they need .sx In view of this contention , the evidence given before the Native Labour Commission ( Kenya ) in 1912-13 is illuminating .sx Settler after settler came before the Commission and demanded , in the most precise manner , that the Natives should be forced out of the " Reserves " to work for wages , by one or more of three methods :sx ( a ) reducing the area of their land so that .sx they should not have enough to support them ; ( b ) increasing the taxes so that they could not pay without working for wages ; and ( c ) pressure by Government officials .sx The principles urged at that time are still acted on to-day , though , fortunately , to a much smaller extent .sx Thus , as an example of Government encouragement , a declaration made by the Acting Governor of Kenya ( East African Standard , 14th March 1925 ) may be quoted :sx " There is the strongest possible moral obligation on the Government of the country to give the fullest assistance it can in securing to the European settler in this country the benefit of the developments which he has created to the lasting advantage of the colony .sx I wish to make it perfectly clear that such is the policy of the administration , and that Government expects every administrative officer to give all possible encouragement to the labour within their district to work on the lands which have been opened up by the settlers .sx " As regards the use of taxation for the same purpose , " A popular theory , " says The Times correspondent ( 9th March 1925 ) , " is that the native taxation should be increased , the argument being that the more money the native is forced to earn for the State , the longer he will have to work .sx " CHAPTER III .sx THE SOLUTION .sx WHERE circumstances vary so much as they do in our African Empire , it is obvious that any principles laid down for the conduct of our administration must be of a very general character .sx We shall be justly blamed , however , if we are not prepared to lay down such principles and to face the challenge :sx " How would you carry out your policy in practice ?sx " Certain principles which should underlie all colonial government are that , after careful land survey , sufficient land should be allotted to the Natives for their present and future needs ; that they should be made absolutely secure in the possession of this land ; that land should only be leased to non-Africans on short leases , and that the unrestricted right of the Natives should be recognised to purchase land outside the Reserves upon the same terms as those applied to Europeans .sx Native production should be regarded as of equal importance with settler production .sx The Native should receive as much help as the settler from the resources of the State , and there should be no discrimination against his produce .sx Forced labour should be prohibited , except for local traditional purposes of public utility , and should then only be demanded in return for payment .sx Forced unpaid labour on roads should cease .sx The supply of labour to individual settlers should have no place in the duties of Government officials .sx There should be an equitable incidence of taxation , according to ability to pay , and the taxation of the Native should not be so high as to force him out of his Reserve in order to earn the necessary money .sx The Natives should receive an adequate return for the taxes which they pay , and should not be left to feel that they are paying for the enrichment of the non-African community .sx Railways and public works should be planned with due regard for the Native populations .sx The Problem of Government .sx The Hilton Young Commission ( Cmd .sx 3234 , 1929 ) has rightly pointed out that the hardest .sx practical problem of statesmen to-day is how to design political institutions for a colony in which permanently settled communities , of British and other nationalities , have been established among vastly preponderant Native populations .sx Where there are no such communities , the problem of colonial government , though difficult and complicated in the extreme , is simple when compared with that created by the immediate juxtaposition of Black and White in considerable numbers .sx The best solution yet devised , in spite of all the criticisms that have been levelled against it , is the " Crown Colony " system of government in the British Empire , as developed through the past century , under the tutelage of the Colonial Office .sx Much ridicule has been thrown upon its alleged aloofness , ignorance , and want of sympathy with White colonists .sx But it must be remembered that it attempts to solve a problem for which it is impossible to find a perfect solution .sx I believe that no better means has yet been devised for securing fair administration .sx It is extremely elastic , as the vast variety of constitutions in the present-day Empire clearly shows .sx The representationof White opinion can be allowed weight in proportion to its varying numerical importance .sx The alternative is that a process of White representation should be set in motion , de-signed to end in a legislature responsible to a White electorate , and an executive responsible to that legislature in other words , in the domination of the tiny White population over the Native population .sx The Report of the Hilton Young Commission , which is the most authoritative recent pronouncement on these problems , contains a valuable analysis of the dangers of vesting powers of responsible government in a small White community .sx The Report , which condemns a proposal for an elected majority of Whites as bound to lead to full self-government for Whites only , says :sx " As individuals , the British settlers in Kenya are in no way inferior in integrity or in their sense of justice to the officials , and indeed would compare favourably with any body of men in the Empire .sx The difficulty lies in the fact that they constitute only one class in the community , and the question which we have to consider is whether it is a good form of government that political power should be concentrated in the hands of a single class , whose interests .sx may at times be in conflict with the interests of other classes .sx .. Their interests may come into conflict with those of the natives in regard to land .sx They are , as a class , employers dependent on the natives , as a class , for labour .sx They may have different interests in the incidence of taxation .sx They are not in a position to take the same detached view of questions in which their personal interests are involved .sx " " Tutelage " under the Colonial Office must for a considerable time be maintained .sx But it is important to recognise that the ultimate ideal to be progressively and deliberately realised is not responsible government for the Whites only , but real self-government , in which all the sections of the community would share .sx It must be recognised , however , that the fulfilment of this ideal is at present remote , and can only come after education has spread and representation of Natives on the legislative bodies has become general .sx One of the factors in the American Revolution of 1776 was the discontent of the American frontiersmen with the difficulties put in their way by the British Government when they wished to appropriate the land of the Red Indians .sx Like some of the White settlers to-day , they wanted self-government , so that they might not be restricted in their dealingswith the Native population .sx This confirms , as far as it goes , the views expressed at the time by no less a man than Dr Johnson .sx It is interesting to recall that , at a time when many Friends were still slaveholders , Dr Johnson was consistently raising his voice against slavery ; and when the question arose of self-government for the American colonists , he opposed it on the ground that these colonists were asserting , not the principle of liberty , but the right to oppress the Blacks in their midst .sx " How is it , " he said , " that we hear the loudest yelps for liberty among the drivers of negroes ?sx " The " Equal Rights " Doctrine .sx While , in the words of the British Government's Memorandum on Native Policy in East Africa ( Cmd .sx 3573 , 1929 ) , " persons of every race and of every religion have a right to equal treatment in accordance with their several needs , " there exists nevertheless a need for special safeguards for the Native communities " not yet able to stand by themselves under the strenuous conditions of the modern world .sx " While all adverse discrimination must cease , .sx and in that sense equal rights , both political and economic , must be established for all sections of the community , the weakness of the Native places him in a position where he requires special care .sx Until he is able , thanks to the benefits of education , to guard his own interests from attack , we must fulfil our duty as trustees , and regard his interests as paramount , in the sense of being the first charge on the territory concerned .sx This I take to be the meaning of the much-abused term " paramountcy .sx " Subject to this consideration , and to the need of developing Native councils of a local character , the ideal of ultimate equality in the political as well as in the other spheres must always be kept in view .sx The backwardness of many tribes at present may make this ideal seem remote , and some may think it unnecessary , or even dangerous , to assert it .sx But there is far greater danger in allowing it to be forgotten .sx A Manifesto on the Franchise in the Cape Province of South Africa , issued by the Archbishop of Cape Town , Sir James Rose-Innes ( late Chief-Justice ) , and many other leading men , states the case with striking force :sx " The Cape legislation has never recognised any distinction of colour or race in the fundamentals of liberty .sx .. The importance of the Cape system is that it opens to the developed native the door to full citizenship in his own country .sx .. There is no other path to safety .sx " ( Times , 18th March 1929 .sx ) The " Statement of the Conclusions of H.M. Government in the U.K. as regards Closer Union in East Africa " ( Cmd .sx 3574 , 1929 ) applied the Equal Rights doctrine as follows :sx " The goal of constitutional evolution , in Kenya as elsewhere , is admittedly responsible government by a Ministry representing an electorate in which every section of the population finds an effective and adequate voice .sx " And again :sx " With regard to the franchise for the Legislative Council of Kenya , His Majesty's Government are of the opinion that the establishment of a common roll is the object to be aimed at and attained , with an equal franchise of a civilisation or education character open to all races .sx " It may be added that the civilisation or education test would admit so small a number at first , that the fear of " swamping " on the part of the White electorate seems quite unfounded .sx On the other hand , though the number of .sx