She  rose  at  command  and  at  once  made  an  attempt  to  seek  out  the  woman  to  whom  she  felt  attracted  and  was  even  violent  in  her  attempts  to  do  so .sx   Finally  she  became  less  violent  , went  to  bed  and  slept  through  the  night  without  stirring .sx   
It  is  convenient  at  this  stage  to  name  the  day  or  waking  phase  Gwen  I  and  the  dissociated  or  sleeping  phase  Gwen  II .sx   Throughout  Gwen  I  had  no  knowledge  of  what  happened  to  Gwen  II  , though  Gwen  II  was  apparently  cognisant  of  some  of  the  experiences  of  Gwen  I.  By  acquiring  information  from  Gwen  II  and  bringing  it  to  the  attention  of  Gwen  I  , the  patient  was  being  encouraged  to  deal  with  the  unpleasant  memories  of  her  past  life .sx   At  this  stage  Gwen  I  was  able  to  face  them  easily  , but  was  unable  to  face  their  logical  conclusions .sx   At  first  Gwen  I  had  slipped  directly  into  Gwen  II  when  she  had  to  face  consciously  the  unpleasant  facts  of  the  aspirin  episode .sx   Subsequently  she  was  able  to  discuss  the  facts  of  this  and  other  episodes  quite  frankly  , but  when  she  tried  to  apply  them  to  her  conduct  she  at  once  slipped  into  Gwen  II  either  directly  or  through  an  intermediate  period  of  sleep .sx   
Two  nights  later  the  patient  rose  and  walked  again  , demanding  the  presence  of  the  observer  so  that  she  might  give  him  a  letter  she  had  received .sx   She  talked  about  her  experiences  when  living  with  Mrs  Z.  and  continued :sx   "  Oh  , there  must  be  a  way  out .sx   To  get  away  from  it  all    from  Mrs  Z.'s  place  and  everybody .sx   I  couldn't  get  away  myself .sx   I  used  to  be  so  happy  all  the  week  , and  the  day  I  was  coming  home  I  didn't  know  what  was  the  matter  with  me .sx   " Later  she  spoke  as  if  addressing  Mrs  Z.  " Are  you  coming  to  bed  soon ?sx   I'm  lonely  up  here  alone  , Mr  M.  Mrs  Z.  does  not  love  me  so  much  now .sx   Perhaps  you  want  her  more  than  I  do .sx   I  can't  get  used  to  it .sx   I've  given  her  every  bit  of  me .sx   She  says  I'm  jealous .sx   I  don't  think  I  am .sx   I  loved  her  and  she's  got  such  a  lot  of  people  to  love  her  and  I've  got  only  her  to  love  me .sx   I  can't  imagine  life  without  you    it's  only  been  you  and  me .sx   I'm  not  me .sx   No .sx   I  used  to  love  her  but  when  she  came  near  I  felt  she  should  go  away .sx   She  did  not  come  much  in  the  end .sx   She  was  always  with  Mr  M.  because  Mr  Z.  did  not  come  home  until  ten  o'clock .sx   She  said  I  would  wreck  her  home  if  I  said  anything .sx   " 
In  subsequent  interviews  with  Gwen  I  and  Gwen  II  the  information  obtained  was  largely  a  repetition  or  elaboration  of  that  already  detailed .sx   The  practice  was  continued  of  discussing  with  Gwen  I  the  information  gained  from  Gwen  II .sx   With  Gwen  II  the  early  attraction  to  Mrs  Z.  and  the  hatred  for  the  observer  were  gradually  reversed .sx   Throughout  Gwen  I  was  quite  friendly .sx   Finally  , when  satisfactory  control  was  gained  over  Gwen  II  , repeated  suggestions  were  made  that  the  sleep-walking  shouldcease  and  that  the  patient  should  look  forward  to  her  work  with  children .sx   The  sleep-walking  became  less  frequent  and  finally  ceased  , though  for  a  time  there  was  restlessness  each  night  about  one  hour  after  going  to  sleep .sx   Association  with  Mrs  Z.  was  definitely  forbidden  and  the  patient  sent  back  to  work .sx   For  twelve  months  she  continued  to  do  her  work  fairly  well  with  an  occasional  relapse  of  sleep-walking .sx   Then  she  felt  that  she  must  at  least  see  Mrs  Z.  , went  to  the  church  she  attended  and  spoke  to  her .sx   Next  day  Gwen  Y.  was  seen  by  the  observer  and  during  the  interview  lapsed  into  Gwen  II  three  times .sx   Later  she  dissociated  for  a  longer  period  and  suffered  a  complete  relapse .sx   
III .sx   COMMENTARY .sx   
The  case  is  that  of  a  patient  who  suffered  a  complete  and  violent  cessation  of  all  her  family  relationships  at  the  age  of  five  years .sx   With  this  was  associated  her  first  experience  of  death .sx   It  was  followed  by  a  long  period  of  education  in  an  orphanage  , during  which  there  occurred  certain  incidents  which  showed  that  the  patient's  early  experiences  had  disordered  to  some  extent  her  reaction  to  the  events  of  her  daily  life .sx   At  the  same  time  there  appeared  some  evidence  of  the  dependence  upon  external  circumstances  which  may  characterize  those  reared  in  an  institution .sx   After  leaving  the  institution  her  morbid  attraction  to  death  and  her  dependence  upon  circumstances  were  demonstrated  by  certain  incidents  during  the  following  six  years .sx   Throughout  her  social  contacts  appeared  to  be  normal  apart  from  those  with  the  opposite  sex  ; while  at  the  same  time  her  fondness  for  small  children  `who  rarely  died'  influenced  the  choice  of  her  work .sx   Following  two  illnesses  , during  which  she  was  suspected  to  be  suffering  from  tuberculosis  , she  came  into  contact  with  the  woman  who  was  to  influence  her  for  the  next  five  and  a  half  years .sx   During  the  next  eighteen  months  she  felt  a  distaste  for  the  advances  this  woman  made  towards  her  , yet  she  finally  `collapsed'  when  on  a  visit  to  a  friend  at  her  house .sx   During  the  next  three  years  she  remained  in  the  house  and  appeared  to  have  dissociated  completely  on  several  occasions  and  for  long  periods .sx   At  the  same  time  sleep-walking  and  talking  during  the  periods  of  somnambulism  became  habitual .sx   During  the  next  fifteen  months  , when  living  away  from  the  house  , the  patient  behaved  normally  except  during  her  weekly  visits .sx   Finally  , with  her  return  to  the  house  , the  knowledge  that  her  friend  was  associating  with  someone  else  and  the  demand  that  the  patient  should  leave  for  her  own  good  , symptoms  and  physical  signs  of  hysteria  supervened .sx   It  was  in  this  condition  that  the  patient  came  under  observation .sx   
While  the  patient  was  under  observation  the  following  features  were  noted :sx   ( 1  ) The  physical  symptoms  of  hysteria  which  had  been  present  for  one  month  without  any  psychological  symptoms  soon  disappeared  and  were  replaced  by  psychological  symptoms .sx   ( 2  ) Sleep-walking  was  the  prominent  symptom .sx   It  began  about  one  hour  after  the  patient  went  to  sleep  , was  characterized  by  extreme  attraction  to  the  woman  with  whom  she  had  lived  and  hatred  for  the  observer  , and  was  associated  with  talking  about  events  of  her  previous  life  , a  confused  memory  of  events  during  the  day  , and  a  tendency  to  escape  from  the  situation  by  way  of  suicide .sx   ( 3  ) During  the  day  the  patient  was  sometimes  restless  but  as  a  rule  well  controlled  , was  friendly  towards  the  observer  and  had  no  know-ledge  of  events  during  sleep-walking  or  during  the  periods  of  dissociation .sx   
On  several  occasions  , when  the  patient  was  obliged  to  face  important  events  in  her  past  history  , she  dissociated  completely  either  directly  or  through  an  intermediate  period  of  sleep  into  a  phase  which  differed  in  no  essential  feature  from  that  observed  during  periods  of  sleep-walking .sx   
All  association  between  the  patient  and  her  friend  was  stopped  , the  influence  of  the  latter  over  the  sleep-walking  and  dissociated  phases  was  gradually  replaced  by  that  of  the  observer  , an  attempt  was  made  to  bring  the  memories  of  these  phases  to  the  knowledge  of  the  patient  , and  finally  suggestions  were  made  successfully  in  the  dissociated  phase  that  sleep-walking  should  cease .sx   ( 6  ) A  subsequent  contact  between  the  patient  and  her  friend  resulted  in  a  relapse  and  the  recurrence  of  the  sleep-walking  and  dissociation  of  personality .sx   ( 7  ) While  the  patient  was  under  observation  , all  stages  were  observed  from  restlessness  and  muttering  during  sleep  to  simple  sleep-walking  , sleep-walking  followed  by  a  phase  of  dissociation  under  the  control  of  her  friend  , dissociation  of  personality  through  an  intermediate  period  of  sleep  , and  complete  dissociation  directly  from  the  usual  condition  of  the  patient .sx   
It  is  apparent  that  the  patient's  condition  was  a  psychoneurotic  manifestation  based  upon  experiences  in  early  childhood  , and  that  the  more  recent  symptoms  were  the  result  of  a  dissociation  of  personality  based  upon  a  conflict  between  the  patient's  ideals  and  a  homosexual  influence  to  which  she  submitted  completely  only  during  her  dissociated  and  sleep-walking  phases .sx   

IV .sx   DISCUSSION .sx   
Somnambulism  has  been  defined  as  a  condition  of  hysterical  automatism  in  which  the  patient  carries  out  actions  without  being  aware  of  them  at  the  time  or  on  awakening .sx   Generally  it  is  agreed  that  there  is  a  splittingof  the  personality  of  short  duration .sx   Janet  described  somnambulism  as  a  dissociation  of  consciousness  which  he  took  to  be  typical  of  all  cases  of  hysteria  , and  on  the  basis  of  this  phenomenon  sought  to  explain  the  commoner  and  simpler  symptoms  described  as  hysterical .sx   Babinski  , on  the  other  hand  , based  his  study  of  hysteria  on  the  commoner  and  simpler  symptoms  and  decided  that  they  were  the  result  of  suggestion .sx   Other  observers  have  attempted  to  carry  this  view  of  the  symptoms  further  and  to  explain  the  symptom  described  by  Janet  as  somnambulism  in  the  same  way .sx   Jung  classified  individuals  into  introverts  and  extroverts  and  pointed  out  that  in  cases  of  severe  psychasthenia  in  extroverts  somnambulism  was  often  added  to  the  common  symptoms .sx   In  a  summary  of  the  somnambulistic  states  Gordon  accepted  the  view  that  somnambulism  depended  essentially  upon  mental  conflicts  , and  that  hysterical  symptoms  , while  associated  with  conflicts  , did  not  necessarily  depend  upon  them .sx   In  short  he  regarded  somnambulism  and  the  allied  conditions  as  a  separate  neurosis .sx   " Somnambulism  consists  of  a  temporary  restoration  to  consciousness  of  a  repressed  complex  in  such  a  way  that  it  occupies  the  mind  for  the  time  being  to  the  total  or  almost  total  exclusion  of  every-thing  else .sx   " While  drawing  no  general  conclusions  , Gordon  found  the  concept  of  the  uniformity  of  somnambulism  , fugues  and  dissociated  personality    grouped  together  under  the  name  somnambulistic  states    of  considerable  help  in  controlling  treatment  in  this  type  of  case .sx   
In  the  case  described  the  uniformity  and  essential  similarity  of  restlessness  during  sleep  , somnambulism  , day  dreaming  , imperfect  dissociation  of  personality  and  complete  dissociation  of  personality  would  appear  to  be  evident .sx   Each  of  these  phases  was  controlled  by  a  complex  repressed  during  consciousness  , and  it  was  possible  to  cause  the  patient  to  dissociate  completely  by  bringing  to  her  attention  the  details  of  incidents  she  discussed  only  during  the  somnambulistic  state .sx   The  case  suggests  that  restlessness  during  sleep  , somnambulism  , dissociation  of  personality  and  day  dreaming  are  simply  varying  degrees  of  dissociation  of  personality  in  which  a  complex  or  influence  repressed  during  consciousness  returns  to  active  consciousness  , assumes  control  of  the  personality  , and  influences  the  thoughts  , speech  and  actions  observed  clinically  during  such  phases .sx   
In  this  case  events  in  the  past  conditioned  the  development  of  the  neurosis  , whereas  a  more  recent  conflict  was  responsible  for  the  development  of  the  different  somnambulistic  states  to  which  the  patient  was  subject .sx   In  regard  to  the  former  the  fixation  of  the  libido  at  the  level  of  mother  attachment  would  appear  to  have  been  the  basis  of  the  neurosis  ,  .sx
whereas  in  regard  to  the  latter  the  case  agrees  with  Jung's  explanation  that  a  neurosis  does  not  depend  merely  upon  an  event  in  the  past  but  upon  an  event  in  the  present  which  the  patient  is  seeking  to  avoid  or  is  unable  to  face .sx   Later  , the  development  of  physical  symptoms  and  the  temporary  disappearance  of  the  mental  unrest  and  somnambulistic  states  following  the  threat  to  the  association  to  which  the  patient  was  committed  suggested  that  the  ego  ideal  was  also  an  important  factor  in  the  production  of  the  clinical  picture .sx   This  suggestion  was  also  supported  by  the  fact  that  the  control  of  the  physical  symptoms  was  followed  by  the  return  of  the  psychological  symptoms .sx   
It  is  difficult  to  assume  that  the  somnambulistic  states  are  the  result  of  a  partial  dissociation  of  personality  if  it  be  not  assumed  at  the  same  time  that  the  physical  symptoms  are  the  result  of  a  similar  dissociation  on  the  somatic  level .sx   In  the  case  described  the  relations  of  the  psycho-logical  and  physical  symptoms  may  be  summarized  as  follows .sx   Both  were  based  upon  nocuous  events  in  early  life .sx   The  somnambulistic  states  appeared  after  the  development  of  a  conflict  between  the  subconscious  influence  of  another  individual  and  the  race  ideal .sx   The  physical  symptoms  followed  a  threat  to  the  security  of  the  situation  which  had  developed  in  spite  of  the  above  conflict  and  also  as  a  reaction  to  factors  which  had  at  other  times  produced  somnambulistic  states .sx